1 Determine the status of nonhuman primate malaria (P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and P. inui) in humans among major malaria endemic areas of Thailand.
2 Analyze the potential transmission cycles of P. knowlesi between hosts inferred from phylogenetic analysis of the apical membrane antigen 1 sequences of P. knowlesi (and other
honhuman primate malaria if detected) derived from humans comparing with those derived from macaque natural hosts.
3 Longitudinally monitor the occurrence of malaria in pig-tailed and long-tailed macaques in southern Thailand.
4 Assess demographic transition (population changes in terms of growth or decline) of malaria and their respective pig-tailed and long-tailed macaque natural hosts.
5 Identify the potential vectors of P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and P. inui in southern Thailand where infected macaques are prevalent.
